Constructed Languages

Constructed Languages #

Classification: #

“The three basic types are engelangs (engineered languages), auxlangs (auxiliary languages), and artlangs (artistic languages).”

Particular features of a conlang can be a posteriori — meaning borrowed from natural languages, rather than invented — or a priori, meaning invented rather than borrowed from natural languages.

Engelangs #

Wilkins’s philosophical language #

Let’s start with “An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language” by John Wilkins.

See The Lord’s Prayer as an example

Wilkins Essay Lord’s Prayer

“Wilkins’ “Real Character” is a constructed family of symbols, corresponding to a classification scheme developed by Wilkins and his colleagues. It was intended as a pasigraphy …”

“Concepts are divided into forty main Genera, each of which gives the first, two-letter syllable of the word; a Genus is divided into Differences, each of which adds another letter; and Differences are divided into Species, which add a fourth letter. For instance, Zi identifies the Genus of “beasts” (mammals); Zit gives the Difference of “rapacious beasts of the dog kind”; Zitα gives the Species of dogs. (Ibid.) "


From [Пиперски. Конструирование языков: От эсперанто до дотракийского]:

click to show/показать

Mentioned by J.L.Borges: “Jorge Luis Borges discusses Wilkins’ philosophical language in his essay ‘El idioma analítico de John Wilkins’ ( ‘The Analytical Language of John Wilkins’), comparing Wilkins’ classification to the fictitious Chinese encyclopedia Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge and expressing doubts about any attempt at a universal classification. (Ibid.)”

J.L.Borges: “Dividió el universo en cuarenta categorías o géneros, subdivisibles luego en diferencias, subdivisibles a su vez en especies. Asignó a cada género sin monosílabo de dos letras; a cada diferencia, una consonante; a cada especie, una vocal. Por ejemplo: de, quiere decir elemento; deb, el primero de los elementos, el fuego; deba, una porción del elemento del fuego, una llama. En el idioma análogo de Letellier (1850) a, quiere decir animal; ab, mamífero; abo, carnívoro; aboj, felino; aboje, gato; abi, herbívoro; abiv, equino; etc. En el Bonifacio Sotos Ochando (1854), imaba, quiere decir edificio; imaca, serrallo; image, hospital; imafo, lazareto; imarri, casa; imaru, quinta; imedo, poste; imede, pilar; imego, suelo; imela, techo; imogo, ventana; bire, encuadernador; birer, encuadernar. (Debo este último censo a un libro impreso en Buenos Aires en 1886: el Curso de lengua universal, del doctor Pedro Mata).”
Х.Л.Борхес: “Он разделил все в мире на сорок категорий, или «родов», которые затем делились на «дифференции», а те в свою очередь на «виды». Для каждого рода назначался слог из двух букв, для каждой дифференции – согласная, для каждого вида – гласная. Например: de означает стихию; deb – первую из стихий, огонь; deba – часть стихии, огня, отдельное пламя. В аналогичном языке Летелье (1850) а означает животное; ab – млекопитающее; abo – плотоядное; aboj – из семейства кошачьих; aboje – кошку; abi – травоядное; abiv – из семейства лошадиных и т. д. В языке Бонифасио Сотоса Очандо [11] (1845) imaba – здание; imaka – сераль; imafe – приют; imafo – больница; imarri – пол; imego – хижина; imaru – вилла; imedo – столб; imede – дорожный столб; imela – потолок; imogo – окно; bire – переплетчик; birer – переплетать. (Последним списком я обязан книге вышедшей в Буэнос-Айресе в 1886 году: «Курс универсального языка» д-ра Педро Маты.)”
J.L.Borges: “Wilkins divided the universe into forty categories or classes, which were then subdivisible into differences, subdivisible in turn into species. To each class he assigned a monosyllable of two letters; to each difference, a consonant; to each species, a vowel. For example, de means element; deb, the first of the elements, fire; deba, a portion of the element of fire, a flame. In a similar language invented by Le· tellier ( 1850) a means animal; ab, mammalian; abi, herbivorous; abiv, equine; abo, carnivorus; aboj, feline; aboje, cat; etc. In the language of Bonifacio Sotos Ochando ( 1845) imaba means building; imaca, brothel; imafe, hospital; imafo, pesthouse; imari, house; imaru, country estate; imede, pillar; imedo, post; imego, floor; imela, ceiling; imogo, window; bire, bookbinder, birer, to bind books. (I found this in a book published in Buenos Aires in 1886: the Curso de lengua universal by Dr. Pedro Mata.)”

And Neal Stephenson: “In Neal Stephenson’s Quicksilver, character Daniel Waterhouse spends considerable time supporting the development of Wilkins’ classification system. (Ibid.)”


Just for the fun of it, here is J.Borges Emporium classification:

" … en el cual se escribe que los animales se clasifican en: (a) pertenecientes al Emperador,(b) embalsamados,(c) amaestrados,(d) lechones,(e) sirenas,(f) fabulosos,(g) perros sueltos,(h) incluidos en esta clasificación,(i) que se agitan como locos,(j) innumerables(k) dibujados con un pincel finísimo de pelo de camello,(l) etcétera,(m) que acaban de romper el jarrón,(n) que de lejos parecen moscas."
“На ее древних страницах написано, что животные делятся на а) принадлежащих Императору, б) набальзамированных, в) прирученных, г) сосунков, д) сирен, е) сказочных, ж) отдельных собак, з) включенных в эту классификацию, и) бегающих как сумасшедшие, к) бесчисленных, л) нарисованных тончайшей кистью из верблюжьей щерсти, м) прочих, н) разбивших цветочную вазу, о) похожих издали на мух.”
“On those remote pages it is written that animals are divided into (a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e) mermaids, (f) fabulous ones, (g) stray dogs, (h) those that are included in this classification, (i) those that tremble as if they were mad, (j) innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a very fine camel’s hair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a flower vase, (n) those that resemble flies from a distance.”

More on Philosophical Language, including:

“Gottfried Leibniz created lingua generalis (or lingua universalis) in 1678, aiming to create a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically; as a side effect he developed binary calculus.”

See also La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea by Umberto Eco.

Toki Pona #

Official Website

A complete language for everyone:

  • only 120–140 basic words
  • easy to learn

Why is it philosophical? Because it was designed to facilitate Taoist thinking. Learn how to express your thoughts in a few words, by splitting complex notions into basic ones and combining meanings.

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (Toki Pona edition), 2024 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (Toki Pona edition), 2024

Problems

1

2


Ithkuil #

Ithkuil

A GRAMMAR OF NEW ITHKUIL

“It is designed to express more profound levels of human cognition briefly yet overtly and clearly, particularly about human categorization. It is a cross between an a priori philosophical and a logical language.”

“The idea of Ithkuil is to convey deeper levels of human cognition than are usually conveyed in human language,”

Quijada

“Meaningful phrases or sentences can usually be expressed in Ithkuil with fewer linguistic units than natural languages. For example, the two-word Ithkuil sentence “Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx” can be translated into English as ‘On the contrary, I think it may turn out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point.’”

Anna Karenina in Ithkuil

Show the commentary:

Anna Karenina in Ithkuil

Loglan #

Loglan

  • Scientific American article by James Cooke Brown, 1960.

The axmple below was “borrowed” from [Пиперски. Конструирование языков: От эсперанто до дотракийского.]

Consider the phrase in Loglan:

Radaku da mreni u da rizdonsu

'All people are reasonable'.

It can be seen that Loglan uses more words than English. The first one - ra-da-ku - consists of three parts, which translate into English roughly as ‘all x -’ ( ra ‘all’, da ‘x’, ku - analog of dash), or, in other words, ‘for every x’. The syllable da - the main pronoun of the loglan, in the English translation designated as x - we will see two more times further on, since it is about this x that the judgment is made. The next part, da mreni , means ‘x person’. Using the system adopted in predicate logic, we can say that we have the predicate HUMAN (in English it may be more convenient to express this with the verb: ’to be a person/human being’), which has one argument: HUMAN (John) translates into English as John is human (a human being). In the example we translate from Loglan, the argument is not John, but the variable x. The word u denotes implication: from the statement that stands to its left follows the statement that stands to its right. So, from the fact that x is a person, da rizdonsu follows. The predicate rizdonsu means ‘reasonable’ (or ’to be reasonable’). Thus, it turns out that the phrase in Loglan literally means ‘For any x, it is true that if x is a human being, then x is reasonable’. The same idea can also be written down using the notation adopted in formal logic:

∀x (HUMAN (x) → REASONABLE (x)).

Auxlangs #

Lincos #

Lincos by Hans Freudenthal. “It is a language designed to be understandable by any possible intelligent extraterrestrial life form, for use in interstellar radio transmissions.”

Example (Good and Bad):

Show the commentary:
      Lincos text           Meaning
      Ha Inq Hb ?x 2x=5     Ha says to Hb: What is the x such that 2x=5?
      Hb Inq Ha 5/2         Hb says to Ha: 5/2.
      Ha Inq Hb Ben         Ha says to Hb: Good.
      Ha Inq Hb ?x 4x=10    Ha says to Hb: What is the x such that 4x=10?
      Hb Inq Ha 10/4        Hb says to Ha: 10/4.
      Ha Inq Hb Mal         Ha says to Hb: Bad.
      Hb Inq Ha 1/4         Hb says to Ha: 1/4.
      Ha Inq Hb Mal         Ha says to Hb: Bad.
      Hb Inq Ha 5/2         Hb says to Ha: 5/2.
      Ha Inq Hb Ben         Ha says to Hb: Good. 

Томилин А.Н. Проект «Альфа К-2»:

click to show/показать

SolReSol #

La Langue musicale universelle

Problems

1

Blissymbolics #

Blissymbolics a.k.a Semantography

Just a bit of a partial translation of The Wizard of Oz into Blissymbols

The Wizard of Oz in Blissymbols

Problems

Example of an IOL problem based on Blissymbolics

Problem/ Solution

Also,

Alice (in Wonderland): [blissname] + [girl] + [curiosity,curiousness,inquisitiveness])

from here

Blissymbolics: “Beginning of the first chapter”

from here

Transcendental Algebra #

Transcendental Algebra

Problems

Example of an IOL problem based on Transcendental Algebra

Problem/ Solution

Pasigraphy #

Auxlangs using e.g. Pasigraphy, such as:

Emoji #

Emoji

Alice to Emoji Translation

from here

IConji #

IConji

See examples there.

Isotype #

See examples there.

Artlangs #

Languages constructed by Tolkien

Quenya #

is one of the many languages spoken by immortal Elves.

Quenya Translator. There are many more.

Elvish Love Rings

Namárië - Galadriel’s Lament, Altariello nainië Lóriendessë - is the longest Quenya text in The Lord of the Rings.

Cover of The Road Goes Ever On including the text of the Namárië with Tengwar

Ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen,
yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron!
Yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier
mi oromardi lisse-miruvóreva
Andúnë pella, Vardo tellumar
nu luini yassen tintilar i eleni
ómaryo airetári-lírinen.

Sí man i yulma nin enquantuva?

An sí Tintallë Varda Oiolossëo
ve fanyar máryat Elentári ortanë,
ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë;
ar sindanóriello caita mornië
i falmalinnar imbë met, ar hísië
untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë.
Sí vanwa ná, Rómello vanwa, Valimar!

Namárië! Nai hiruvalyë Valimar.
Nai elyë hiruva. Namárië!

Galadriel’s Song by Anna Kulisz

Ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind,
long years numberless as the wings of trees!
The years have passed like swift draughts
of the sweet mead in lofty halls beyond the West,
beneath the blue vaults of Varda
wherein the stars tremble in the song of her voice, holy and queenly.

Who now shall refill the cup for me?

For now the Kindler, Varda, the Queen of the Stars,
from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds,
and all paths are drowned deep in shadow;
and out of a grey country darkness
lies on the foaming waves between us,
and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya for ever.
Now lost, lost to those from the East is Valimar!

Farewell! Maybe thou shalt find Valimar.
Maybe even thou shalt find it. Farewell!

Songs in Quenya

Sindarin #

Sindarin Translator

Transcriber converting Elvish (Sindarin and Quenya) to Tengwar

Songs in Sindarin

Problems

1

click to show/показать

2

Dvarvish/ Khuzdul #

Common to Dwarvish Translator

Black Speech of Mordor #

Black Speech of Mordor Translator

“Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul

“Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul”

“One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all, and in the darkness bind them”

Star Trek

Klingon #

Klingon or tlhIngan Hol or tlhIngan Hol

is taught on Duolingo (and so is High Valyrian)

The Klingon Language Institute exists to promote the language.

“At least nine Klingon translations of works of world literature have been published, among which are: Hamlet (Hamlet), ghIlghameS (The Epic of Gilgamesh), paghmoʼ tIn mIS (Much Ado About Nothing), pInʼaʼ qan paQDIʼnorgh (Tao Te Ching), Sun pInʼaʼ veS mIw (The Art of War), chIjwI’ tIQ bom (The Rime of the Ancient Mariner), ‘aS ‘IDnar pIana’ Duna (The Wonderful Wizard of Oz), taʼpuq mach (The Little Prince), and QelIS boqHarmey (Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland).”

Songs in Klingon